Fifty years after humans first set foot on the moon, 人类首次登上月球50年之后，
it may finally be time to go back. 是时候再回去看看了
We have seen a literal explosion of interest 我们已经看到了一大波有意向的月球任务
in the last five years or so. 在过去的五年之内
Now it's not just one or two countries. 现在不仅仅是一两个国家
It's the whole world interested in going. 全世界都有兴趣去
This time it's different. 这次不一样了
This time we want to stick around. 这次我们想留下来
Now has come the time for us to make the next giant leap. 现在是我们实现下一次飞跃的时候了
NASA hopes it will become 美国宇航局希望能够
an enabler for lots of different activity on the moon. 在月球上促成许多不同类型的行动
But how would we do that? 我们该怎么做呢？
And why? 为什么要去？
What's changed since the 1970s? 20世纪70年代以来发生了什么变化？
We discovered that the moon is rich in metal deposits, 我们发现月球上有丰富的金属矿床，
large amounts of titanium and iron. 大量的钛和铁
Spaces resources will be the next great 太空资源将是下一场伟大的
economic revolution for humankind. 人类的经济变革机遇
And a critical life-supporting resource. 还有关键的生命支持所需的资源
We think we have found ice. 我们认为我们找到了冰
If we do find water in space, 如果我们在太空中找到了水，
that's pretty much the most significant discovery 这可以说是最重要的发现
that we could have. 我们所做到的
This is an indication that living on the moon 这表明在月球上生活
might be possible. 更具可能性
But is it a game changer? 但这能改变游戏规则吗？
Could we actually live off the moon's resources 我们真的能靠月球资源生活吗
and build a self-sufficient human presence beyond Earth? 在地球之外建立一个自给自足的人类基地？
Are we about to pioneer a new frontier, 我们要开拓一个新的领域
taking the next giant leap for humankind? 人类的下一次巨大飞跃？
There's only one way to find out. 只有一种方法可以找到答案
It's "Back to the Moon," 就是“重返月球”
right now,on "NOVA"! 现在，在“NOVA”！
Major funding for "NOVA" is provided by the following: “NOVA”的主要资金来源如下：
December 14,1972. 1972年12月14日
The final Apollo mission prepares to return to Earth. 最后一次阿波罗任务准备返回地球
are you ready for me to go to the...? 准备好了让我去……？
当我在月表踏出人类的最后一步时，
未来的一段时间里，我们相信不久的将来，
我相信美国今天的挑战
铸就了人类明天的命运
As the last man ever to walk on the moon leaves, 作为最后一个在月球上行走的人，
Gene Cernan dreams of a future when people will return. 吉恩·塞尔南曾梦想着人们会回来
我们来了，走了
按神的旨意我们会回来，
为全人类带来和平与希望
But that hope fails to materialize. 但这种愿望未能实现
Years become decades,and there is no return. 几年拖成了几十年，没有再重返
Now,50 years later,that may be about to change. 50年后的今天，这种情况可能即将改变
Humanity has its sights set on the lunar surface once more. 人类再次将目光投向月球表面
In January 2019, 2019年1月，
China's Chang'e 4 mission 中国的嫦娥四号任务
becomes the first spacecraft to soft land 成为第一个软着陆的航天器
on the moon's far side. 在月球的背面
And a few months later, 几个月后，
Israel attempts to become the fourth nation 以色列试图成为第四个国家
to soft land a robotic probe on the moon. 让机器人探测器在月球上软着陆
The idea that a small country 这种想法，一个小国可以
could land on the surface of the moon 实现在月球表面着陆
is a very audacious goal. 是一个非常大胆的目标
And missions to return people to the moon are also taking shape. 使人们重返月球的计划也正在成形
NASA has a plan to build something called 美国宇航局计划建造一个叫做
the Lunar Gateway, “月球门户”空间站，
which will orbit the moon as a spacecraft 作为太空船环绕月球运行
and allow astronauts to shuttle back up and down 可以让宇航员往返于
from the surface. 月球的表面
There's a real sense of hope in the community 社会中流传着一个愿景
that we are within ten years 我们在十年之内
of putting people back there. 让人重返月球
But why go back now? 为什么现在要回去？
What's changed since the end of the Cold War moon race? 冷战结束后月球竞赛有什么变化？
Recent discoveries suggest there's much more to the moon 最近的发现表明月球上还有更多资源
than meets the eye. 比已经发现的还要多
There are large metal deposits, 有大量的金属沉积物，
large amounts of titanium and iron. 大量的钛和铁
Spaces resources will be the next 太空资源将是下一个
great economic revolution for humankind. 人类伟大的经济革命
Such resources on the moon could kickstart a new space economy. 月球上的这些资源可能会开创新的太空经济
Now it's the private sector, 现在是私营公司，
they want to see if they have a valid business case 他们想看看是否有一个可行的商业路线
of economic activity that can happen on the moon. 月球上可以运转的经济活动
But with this new economic interest come new questions. 但随着这种新的经济利益带来了新的问题
Is it even possible to exploit resources 可以开发资源吗
without ownership rights? 在没有所有权的情况下？
Still,at least nine private companies 不过，至少有9家私营公司
are forging ahead... 正在努力…
banking on a future that includes 寄希望于未来，包括
regular traffic to the moon. 定期去月球的航班
But getting there is still costly and hard to achieve; 但要去月球仍然需要付出高昂的代价，很难实现；
staying there even harder. 呆在那里更是艰难
So what would it take to establish humanity's 怎样才能建立人类
first foothold on another world? 在另一个世界的第一个立足点？
BACK TO THE MOON 重返月球
字幕组：@火星学会@MarsSociety
The moon is inspiring because it is so real to people. 月亮之所以令人振奋，因为它对人们来说是真实存在
It's something that we see from our houses every night. 我们每天晚上从家里就可以看到
The moon is this gorgeous record of solar system history 月球是太阳系历史上最华美的乐章
and just a few days away waiting for us to go explore. 就在几天之外等着我们去探索
Brett Denevi is in charge of the high resolution cameras Brett Denevi负责高分辨率摄像机
on NASA's latest moon mapping mission-- 美国宇航局最新的月球测绘任务--
The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, 月球勘测轨道器，
or LRO. 简称LRO
LRO's mission was to LRO的任务是
Essentially scout the surface of the moon 基本上就是探测月球表面
for future human exploration. 为未来的人类探索做准备
LRO was called for in 2004 LRO任务于2004年被发起
by President George W.Bush 布什总统任内
as part of his initiative 作为他的计划的一部分
to return humans to the lunar surface. 把人类送回月球表面
Beginning no later than 2008, 不晚于2008年就开始实施
we will send a series of robotic missions 我们将派出一系列机器人任务
to the lunar surface to research and prepare 去月球表面研究和准备
for future human exploration. 为未来的人类探索
Launched in 2009, 2009年发射，
part of LRO's mission LRO任务的一部分
is to survey the surface of the moon. 就是勘测月球表面
The moon really preserves 月球真的保存了
a complete geologic record 完整的地质记录
back to nearly the formation of the solar system. 差不多从太阳系的形成开始
LRO is offering new insights LRO提供了新的方向
into the moon's complete geological history, 研究月球完整的地质历史，
from a point almost as tall as Everest 几乎和珠穆朗玛峰一样高的山峰
to giant Mare basins half the size of continents, 到半个欧洲大陆大小的巨型月海盆地，
and strange topography unlike anything on Earth. 奇怪的地形和地球上任何表面都不一样
And this is our first look at how the moon's surface 这是我们第一次看到月球表面
is still changing today. 今天仍在持续改变的过程
We can actually map the entire moon every month. 我们每个月都可以扫描整个月球表面
We're detecting the formation of new impact craters 我们正在勘查新撞击坑的形成
that have formed since we've been in orbit. 我们进入轨道后才发生的
So,that's really the reason 所以，这才是真正的原因
why we need these very high-resolution images 为什么我们需要这些高分辨率的图像
that we get from the LRO, 我们从LRO那里得到的，
to pick out scientifically interesting landing sites 挑选科学有趣的着陆地点
to enable future human exploration. 使未来的人类探索成为可能
Dreams of living and working on the moon go back a long way. 在月球上生活和工作的梦想可以追溯到很久以前
In the early 1960s,the U.S. Army had a design 在20世纪60年代初，美国军队有一个方案
for an elaborate,permanently manned lunar base 一个精心设计的，永久性的月球基地
called Project Horizon. 称为地平线计划
When Apollo astronauts finally arrive, 当阿波罗号宇航员到达时，
the discoveries they make in the rocks 他们在岩石中的发现
actually add credibility to this dream. 实际上给这个梦想增加了可信度
嘿，尼尔，我不是说过可能看到一些紫色的石头吗？
找到紫色的石头？
是的！非常小，闪闪发光…
Geologist David Kring has spent his career 地质学家大卫·克林的职业就是
studying their composition. 研究它们的成分
When the first samples were returned 当第一批样品被带回
by the Apollo 11 astronauts, 阿波罗11号的宇航员
scientists didn't know what to expect. 科学家们不知道能有什么发现
Was the moon composed of samples like asteroids 月球是由小行星类似的成分组成的吗
that we had analyzed as meteorites, 我们称为陨石的那一类，
or was the moon much like the Earth-- 或者月球和地球很像--
a complex planetary body? 一个复杂的行星体？
Scientists,like myself, 科学家，像我一样，
use what we call a petrographic microscope, 我们称之为岩相显微镜，
to transmit light through very,very thin 通过非常非常薄的岩石薄片
slices of rock to identify the minerals. 用来鉴定矿物成分
The rocks revealed that the moon 岩石显示月球
is a geologically complex world-- 是一个地质复杂的世界--
much like Earth--with lots of different minerals. 很像地球--有很多不同的矿物
Lurking amongst those samples were these basalts. 这些样品中夹杂着玄武岩
These were samples that we realized were produced 我们发现这些样品是在
when lavas flooded the surface of the moon 熔岩淹过月球表面的时候产生的
and when we analyzed them, 当分析它们时，
we realized that they had minerals 我们意识到它们含有
that were sometimes accompanied by ilmenite. 通常伴随钛铁矿而生的矿物成分
Ilmenite is a mineral that looks completely opaque 钛铁矿是一种看起来完全不透明的矿物
in our samples. 在样品之中
This mineral is composed of iron,titanium, 这种矿物是由铁，钛，
and loads of oxygen. 以及大量的氧组成
With the Apollo-era discovery 阿波罗时代发现
of the moon's potential mineral wealth, 月球潜在的矿产资源，
some credible thinkers seriously suggested 一些可信的学者严肃地建议
that the lunar surface could be a source of materials 月球表面可以作为材料的来源
for building bases off Earth, 在地球之外建立基地，
among them the legendry science fiction writer lsaac Asimov 其中包括传奇科幻作家艾西莫夫
and co-inventor of the particle accelerator, 和粒子加速器的共同发明人，
physicist Gerard O'Neill. 物理学家杰拉德·奥尼尔
The Apollo astronauts,in many of their flights, 阿波罗的宇航员，在他们的许多任务中，
were picking up,just casually,chunks of rock 随机捡了些石头
on the lunar surface. 在月球表面
They were 40% aluminum by weight. 按重量计，它们含40%的铝
And the moon is very rich in titanium too, 月球也富含钛元素，
which we never use enough of here on Earth 我们在地球上用得还远远不够
because-because steel is so much cheaper. 因为钢铁要便宜得多
But you could do things with titanium that can be very cute. 但是你可以用钛做一些非常精致的产品
By using these resources on the moon, 利用月球上的这些资源，
O'Neill suggested that we could build large habitats 奥尼尔建议我们可以建造大的栖息地
floating in free space. 漂浮在自由空间
Such structures would be too expensive to build 这样大的结构体建造起来太贵了
and launch from Earth, 还有从地球上发射的成本，
as the modestly sized but costly $100 billion 看起来不大的规模就需要耗资1000亿美元
International Space Station demonstrates. 国际空间站就是例子
But if the raw materials are already available in space 但如果原材料已经在太空中
then all kinds of construction activities become conceivable. 于是，各种各样的建筑活动就变得可行了
And that's where the moon comes in. 月球上的资源就在那里
Basically what we're saying is,the whole key to making habitats 基本上我们要说的是，建造栖息地的关键
which are built in free space 建在自由的宇宙空间里
for a reasonable cost 以合理的成本
is to get about 98% of the material 关键就是98%的材料
from the surface of the moon. 需要从月球表面得到
That's essential 那是很必要的
because it's always going to be very expensive 因为太贵了，如果
to bring things up from here. 把物体从这里发射到太空
The moon is attractive as a source of raw materials 月球作为原材料的来源很有吸引力
for one simple reason:gravity. 原因很简单：引力
When you want to lift something off a planet, 当你想把什么东西从行星上推出来的时候，
your number one adversary is gravity. 你的头号对手就是引力
Rockets leaving Earth have a pretty steep hill to climb. 离开地球的火箭需要爬陡峭的坡
Our planet's huge mass pulls them back down. 我们的星球巨大的质量把它们拉下来
We're stuck in what we call a gravity well. 我们被困在所谓的重力井里
Earth has the deepest gravity well 地球有最深的重力井
of all the rocky planets. 在所有的岩石行星中
It's over 20 times deeper than the moon's, 它比月球深20多倍，
which is more of a dimple than a well. 月球的与其说是井，不如说是个酒窝
That low gravity is dramatically displayed 低重力被戏剧性地显示出来
by the astronauts' graceful bounds across the surface. 在宇航员优美的袋鼠跳时
And the fact that getting back into lunar orbit 还有回到月球轨道
requires only a relatively low-powered rocket motor. 只需要一个低功率的火箭发动机
Therefore anything 因此
that we can develop or manufacture 我们开发或制造
using lunar materials has an enormous cost advantage 使用月球上的材料具有巨大的成本优势
to anything that comes from Earth. 相比于任何来自地球的东西
Material that we can get on the moon will cost 我们从月球发射同样材料所需的费用
less than one-tenth of what it would cost to launch from Earth. 不到从地球发射所需费用的十分之一
By utilizing the resources in space 利用太空资源
instead of bringing it from Earth, 而不是从地球上带来，
everybody benefits from that 每个人都从中受益
because now we don't depend from the resources from Earth. 因为这样我们不依赖地球上的资源
But getting back to the moon 但是回到月球
will require more than the allure of mineral resources. 需要的不仅仅是矿产资源的诱惑
It needs something far more valuable-- 它需要更有用的东西--
water. 水
Prior to Apollo, 在阿波罗之前，
the question of water hadn't even been raised. 水的问题还没有提出来
When the Apollo samples were collected, 当阿波罗的样本被收集时，
we did not have the analytical capabilities 我们没有分析能力
to detect any water in the samples. 检测样本中的水
If there was liquid water on the moon,it's long gone. 如果月球上有液态水，那它早就消失了
With no atmosphere to preserve it, 没有大气层的保护
liquid water cannot exist on the lunar surface. 月球表面不可能存在液态水
And the rocks the astronauts returned 宇航员带回的岩石
apprared to be totally lacking in water. 被认为是完全无水的
In fact,at the time, 事实上，当时，
it was inferred that the moon was largely a dry planet. 据推断，月球就是一颗干燥的星球
Without water it was impossible to live off the land. 没有水就不可能离开地球
We would constantly have to resupply 我们必须不断地补给
our exploration effort from the surface of the Earth. 以地球支撑我们的探索
The aridity of the Apollo rock samples 阿波罗岩石样本的干燥
would seem to rule out the dream 似乎排除了这个可能
of living self-sufficiently on the moon. 在月球上过着自给自足的生活
But they do hold clues about how the moon formed 但他们确实掌握了月球形成的线索
and from that springs new hopes of living there one day. 又有了新的希望，有一天能住在那里
Katherine Joy is a planetary scientist 凯瑟琳·乔伊是一位行星科学家
who studies the chemistry 研究空间化学
of the moon and the evolution of the early solar system. 月球和早期太阳系的演化
There were several theories for how the moon first formed. 关于月球最初是如何形成的，有几种理论
One is the capture theory, 一是俘获理论，
whereby the moon was actually thought to be 月球被认为是
an early planet that got captured by Earth's gravity 被地球引力俘获的早期行星
and went into orbit around it. 进入环绕它的轨道
There's also a slightly strange idea 还有一个有点奇怪的想法
that maybe the early Earth 可能是早期的地球
is spinning really fast on its axis 在它的轴上旋转的很快
and spun off a piece of the moon 月球就剥离出来
and this is what we call the fission hypothesis. 这就是我们所说的裂变假说
However,our ideas have changed 但是，我们的想法有所改变
since we collected the Apollo samples. 因为我们收集了阿波罗的样本
And the samples told us that 样本告诉我们
actually the moon and the Earth are chemically similar. 实际上月球和地球在化学上是相似的
And this gave rise to this new model 这就产生了这种新模式
called the giant impact hypothesis. 称为大碰撞假说
We're still figuring out the details, 我们还在搞清楚细节，
but maybe the Earth was hit by a body the size of Mars, 但很可能地球被火星大小的星球撞击了，
creating a massive shower of super-heated material: 撞出巨大的超热物质漩涡：
gas,dust,magma, 气体，尘埃，岩浆，
that then cooled down slowly and coalesced, 然后慢慢冷却并结合在一起，
forming the Earth at the center 在中心形成地球
and the moon trapped in orbit around it. 月球则绕地球转圈圈
If formed from the same materials, 如果由相同的材料制成，
Earth and the moon would have held a lot of water 地球和月球应该容纳很多水
locked inside their hot interiors, 就在他们炙热的内部，
gradually releasing it onto their surfaces as they cooled. 当它们冷却时，逐渐释放到它们的表面
This raised an intriguing possibility: 这引发了一个有趣的可能性：
might the moon also have once been wet like Earth? 月球也曾经像地球一样潮湿过吗？
Once we realize 一旦我们意识到
that water actually is within the interior of the moon, 水实际上在月球内部，
we realize that when those lavas were erupted to the surface, 我们意识到当熔岩喷发到月表时，
those gases would've been carried 那些气体会被携带
and liberated at the surface. 并释放到表面
Geologists set out to estimate the amount of gas 地质学家着手估计气体的数量
that would have come from the moon's interior. 来自月球内部
We calculated that the volume of magma erupting was, 我们计算出喷发的岩浆的体积
at times,so great that it filled 有时是如此之大，以至于释放出
space around the moon with these gases 的气体，在月球周围的空间
producing a transient atmosphere. 产生短暂的大气层
According to the impact theory--as the moon cooled 根据撞击理论——当月球冷却
and volcanic eruptions ceased-- 火山爆发停止--
most of this atmosphere--including the water vapor-- 大部分大气——包括水蒸气--
would have been lost into space. 会消失在太空
This left the lunar surface exposed to a vacuum-- 这使得月球表面暴露在真空中--
resulting in a freeze-dried world. 造成了一个干冷的世界
So even if there had once been water on the moon, 所以即使月球上曾经有水，
it seemed to be long gone. 它似乎已经消失了
But not everyone gave up on the idea of lunar water. 但并不是所有人都放弃了月球水的想法
Apollo 17 astronaut and geologist Harrison Schmitt 阿波罗17号宇航员兼地质学家哈里森·施密特
remembers the research. 还记得以前的研究
An old friend of mine,Ken Watson and Harrison Brown 我的一个老朋友，肯·沃森和哈里森·布朗
at Caltech in the 1960s 60年代的加州理工学院
did the theoretical analysis that showed that 理论分析表明
if water is released anywhere on the moon, 如果水在月球上的任何地方被释放出来，
some of it will end up being trapped 其中一些会被困住
in the permanently shadowed regions. 在永久阴影区域
Permanently shadowed regions don't exist on Earth 地球上不存在永久阴影区
because our axis is tilted, 因为我们的轴心是倾斜的，
casting sunshine onto both of Earth's polar regions 阳光会投射到地球的两极地区
at different seasons over the year. 在一年中的不同季节
But the moon is different. 但是月亮是不同的
Because the moon is only tilted 因为月亮只倾斜
a degree and a half relative to the sun, 相对于太阳一度半，
the sun is always coming in at a grazing angle at the lunar poles 太阳光总是以切线的角度进入月球两极
and over the course of a lunar day, 在月球的一天里，
which happens to be 28 Earth days, 正好是28个地球日，
the sun will travel around in a full circle 太阳绕出一个完整的圆
but always stay at a grazing angle. 但始终保持切线的角度
This is because the sun never shines straight down 这是因为太阳从不直射
onto the moon's poles. 月球的两极
And thanks to the moon's unique topography, 由于月球独特的地形，
you get conditions unlike any on Earth. 情况和地球上任何地貌都不一样
The moon is a topographic wonderland. 月球是一个地形奇境
It has hills and valleys,that produce 它有山和山谷
an extraordinary amount of elevation changes 造成高度的巨大变化
over very short distances. 在很短的距离内
That topography casts very long and deep shadows, 地形投下的阴影又长又深，
particularly near the poles 尤其是在两极附近
and sometimes those shadows are so deep and so long 有时那些阴影是那么深，那么长
that the floors of those craters never,ever see the sun. 陨石坑里面的地面永远见不到太阳
It means that they have very cold temperatures, 这意味着它们的温度很低，
almost down to the surface temperature of Pluto, 几乎降到冥王星的表面温度，
which is just incredible when you think about 这真是不可思议，当你想到
how far Pluto is away from the sun. 冥王星离太阳有多远
As seen on this color-coded heat map, 从这张彩色热力图上可以看到，
temperatures on the moon vary widely-- 月球上的温度变化很大--
ranging from 260 degrees Fahrenheit in the sunlight 在阳光下从260华氏度
to minus-280 degrees in the shade. 在阴影处零下280度
But in the permanently shadowed regions,at the poles, 但是在永久的阴影区域，在两极，
it can be colder than minus-400 degrees-- 可能比零下400度还要冷--
just 60 degrees above absolute zero. 只比绝对零度高60度
Any type of volatile,whether it be water or carbon dioxide, 任何挥发性物质，不管是水还是二氧化碳，
is going to be frozen out 都会结冰的
and trapped in those cold spots. 被困在那些寒冷的地方
The theory suggests that traces of water 这个理论认为一些水
left inside the moon from its formation, 从月球形成时留在月球内部，
and ice delivered by comets and asteroids impacting the surface, 还有含冰的彗星和小行星撞击地表，
could have become trapped in these cold spots. 可能会被困在寒冷的地方
It just gets stuck there. 它就呆在那里了
And it gets preserved,and it can't escape, 被保存下来，无法逃脱，
and it's been there for a very long time. 已经在那里很久了
Permanently shadowed regions are really exciting scientifically 永久阴影区在科学上确实令人兴奋
and also really important 也很重要
for our future exploration ambitions on the moon. 支撑我们将来在月球上的探索野心
But all of the Apollo landings were near the moon's equator-- 但是所有的阿波罗登月都在月球赤道附近--
nowhere near the potential cold traps at the poles. 完全不靠近两极的冷阱
And the idea that ice may be present on the lunar surface 月球表面可能有冰的想法
may have remained just that-- 可能就一直是个想法--
an idea if not for yet another ambitious Cold War-era attempt 如果不是另一个雄心勃勃的冷战时期的尝试的话
to trump the Soviets. 打败苏联
In the late 1980s, 上世纪80年代末，
the U.S. military is developing its Star Wars initiative 美国军方正在制定星球大战计划
to protect the country from incoming nuclear weapons. 保护国家免受核武器的袭击
One version of their secretive designs 他们神秘设计的一个版本
involves a flotilla of small satellites 包括一组小卫星
to detect and collide 用来探测和碰撞
with intercontinental ballistic missiles. 洲际弹道导弹
Needing an object to test the satellite's targeting sensors, 这需要一个物体来测试卫星的定位传感器，
the Pentagon chooses...the moon. 五角大楼选择…月球
The resulting lunar mission is named "Clementine." 由此产生的登月任务被命名为“克莱门汀”
With its launch comes an opportunity for NASA 随着它的发射，美国宇航局迎来了一个
to participate. 参与的机会
Due to its military nature,mission control is located 由于其军事性质，任务控制中心位于
out of sight in a non-descript building-- 一幢不知名的建筑物里--
nicknamed"the Bat Cave"-- 绰号“蝙蝠洞”--
in downtown Washington D.C. 在华盛顿市中心
Planetary scientist Ben Bussey undertakes the task 行星科学家本·布西承担了一项任务
of constructing a new atlas of the moon 绘制新的月球地图集
assembled from the mission's images. 基于任务发回的图像
A lot of the Apollo data were in an equatorial orbit, 很多阿波罗的数据都在赤道轨道上，
where essentially you go around the waist of the moon, 绕着月亮的赤道走，
where the astronauts landed. 也是宇航员着陆的地方
Whereas because with the Clementine 因为克莱门汀
we wanted global coverage, 我们想要全球覆盖，
Clementine was in what's called a polar orbit, 克莱门汀在所谓的极轨道上，
which is where if you picture the moon, 如果你想象月球，
it's going like that, 就像那样，
so it goes over both poles every couple of hours. 所以每两个小时都要经过两极
Such a flight path could give scientists 这样的飞行路线可以让科学家
their first opportunity to search 第一次有机会去寻找
for the permanently shadowed cold traps-- 永久阴影区的冷阱--
predicted to exist at the poles. 存在于两极
By bouncing Clementine's communition signals 通过反射克莱门汀的通讯信号
off the moon's polar gegions, 在月球的极地地区，
a bit like a radar pulse, 有点像雷达脉冲，
the mission scientists 任务科学家
hope that any ice might show up by reflecting the radio waves. 希望反射无线电波让冰显现出来
As data pours into the Bat Cave, 当数据涌入蝙蝠洞，
everyone is glued to their screens. 每个人都紧紧盯着屏幕
It was in the floor of Shackleton Crater, 它在沙克尔顿陨石坑的底部，
inside that permanently shadowed crater 在那永远阴影笼罩的陨石坑里
that they saw this signal was consistent with buried ice. 他们看到的信号和埋在地下的冰是相符的
On March 12,1996, 1996年3月12日，
the Pentagon summons the press to reveal their discovery. 五角大楼向新闻界公布他们的发现
Well,yes, 嗯，是的，
the answer is we think we have found ice. 答案是我们认为找到了冰
This is an indication 这表明了
that living on the moon might be possible. 在月球上生活是可能的
You may be looking in this photograph, 你在看的这张照片，
of possibly the most valuable piece of real estate 可能是最有价值的一块地产
in the solar system. 在太阳系里
The discovery of water ice 水冰的发现
on the moon re-ignites dreams 在月球上重新点燃了梦想
of harnessing space resources for a lunar base. 利用太空资源建立月球基地
But how much water is really there? 但实际上有多少水呢？
And could it be harvested economically? 它能经济地开采吗？
In 2008,as NASA prepares to launch 2008年，美国宇航局准备发射
the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to image the moon, 月球勘测轨道器拍摄月球图像，
a change of plan requires a different rocket for the launch. 改变计划后需要另一枚火箭发射
The new vehicle has the power to carry almost a ton 这新火箭几乎能载一吨
of extra payload to the moon. 去往月球的额外载荷
Can they use that extra capacity 他们能用那个额外的载荷
to take a closer look at the water ice 仔细勘测一下水冰
Clementine glimpsed? 克莱门汀项目曾瞥见的冰？
The opportunity 这个机会
piques the interest of Anthony Colaprete, 激起了安东尼·科拉普雷特的兴趣，
a young planetary scientist at NASA's Ames Research Center. 美国宇航局艾姆斯研究中心的年轻行星科学家
We said,"Ok,what if we crash something into the moon 我们说，“好吧，如果我们发射个物体撞击月球
and we looked at the ejecta?" 看看能溅起来什么？”
I called up Pete because he's the guy you go to 我打电话给皮特是因为他是你该找的人
if you want to crash something into another body, 如果你想把什么物体撞到另一个星球上，
planetary body,he knows impacts. 行星体的事，他很懂
And I thought, 我想，
"Oh,yeah,bash something into the moon?" “哦，是的，把什么物体砸到月亮上？”
Well,this was something that was going to smash through 好吧，这东西会砸到
to an area you couldn't see 一个你看不见的地方
in the cold traps. 在冷阱里
By crashing an object into the moon, 把一个物体撞到月球上，
they hope to observe lunar material ejected from the impact 他们希望观察从撞击中喷溅出来的月球物质
and determine if it contains ice. 确定里面是否有冰
So we came up with the idea of, 所以我们想到了一个点子，
"Why don't we use “我们为什么不用
the spent upper stage of the rocket 用完的火箭上面级
that was pushing us to the moon?" 把我们推上月球的火箭？”
Ingeniously, 很巧妙，
by using part of the rocket itself as the impactor, 利用火箭本身的一部分作为撞击器，
they can then use the extra payload space 然后他们可以使用额外的有效载荷空间
for a separate spacecraft carrying instruments 装载一个安装仪器的航天器
that will follow a few minutes behind, 跟随在火箭之后几分钟，
recording the impact at close range, 近距离记录撞击，
and hurriedly sending its data back to Earth, 极快地将数据传回地球，
before smashing into the moon itself. 然后它也会撞在月球上
Such a complex mission 如此复杂的任务
is hard to pull off with such little time, 很难在这么短的时间内成功，
but the rewards-- 但是回报--
should they succeed--will be huge. 如果他们成功的话——将会是巨大的
I was really intrigued 我真的很感兴趣
and I know that we could do this, 我知道我们可以做到，
but the idea of actually using a spent rocket, 但利用已经用完的火箭，
that was almost like crazy talk. 那简直是疯狂的想法
Anthony and Peter calculate 安东尼和彼得计算
that they would need to create a debris cloud 他们需要制造撞击碎片云
at least half a mile high 至少半英里高
to stand a chance of detecting any water. 才有机会发现水
To test the feasibility,they turn to a trusty tool 为了测试可行性，他们借助于一个可靠的工具
from the Apollo era. 阿波罗时代的发明
This faclity is 这种设备就是
the Ames Vertical Gun Range. 艾姆斯垂直射击靶场
It's a large vertical gun 这是一把大型直射枪
used for firing projectiles into targets 用于向目标发射子弹
to study cratering processes. 研究弹坑形成过程
We have a battery of high-speed cameras, 我们有一组高速摄影机，
going up to a million frames per second. 每秒高达一百万帧
We can look at it from different locations, 我们可以从不同的地方看，
just be able to simulate, 这样能模拟，
get a sense of what we might see. 了解可能发生的真实情况
High voltage is good. 高压正常
We have ready lights. 我们已就绪
Firing projectiles at high speed 高速发射炮弹
into a simulated lunar surface... 射击模拟月球表面…
Peter and Anthony spend months trying to figure out 彼得和安东尼花了好几个月想弄清楚
what the impact plume might look like. 撞击羽流可能是什么样子
Stop,stop! 停，停！
Go backwards. 倒回去
That's the projectile coming down. 这就是正在飞的子弹
Ok,Pow! 好的，噗！
The idea behind these experiments 这些实验的想法
were to get a better handle on getting enough material 是为了更好地把足够的物质
into sunlight from that deep hole. 从深坑里溅射出来到阳光里
If we didn't get enough material,we were dead. 如果我们没有足够的物质，我们就死定了
LCROSS launches on June 18,2009. LCROSS于2009年6月18日发射
It takes four months to catch up with the moon 到月球需要四个月
and get into position for impact. 准备好撞击
In the early evening of October 8,2009, 2009年10月8日傍晚，
the Centaur rocket stage impactor begins its approach. 半人马座火箭撞击器开始接近
All stations flight.30 seconds to end of science cal. 所有飞行小组。30秒之后自动控制结束
With the spent rocket stage and following spacecraft 带着火箭和航天器
now on unstoppable impact trajectories with the moon, 在与月球不可撤回的撞击轨道上，
all Peter and Anthony can do is watch and wait. 彼得和安东尼只能眼巴巴地等着
Mark transition to DV mode. 标记切换到DV模式
At 3:31 in the morning Pacific time, 太平洋时间凌晨3点31分，
the Centaur hits. 半人马座撞击
Minutes later,the shepherding craft follows 在它后面几分钟后紧跟着的航天器
and starts collecting data, 开始收集数据，
rushing to transmit it before its own demise. 在它自己撞击之前迅速传输
So we had a press conference... 所以我们开了个记者招待会…
of course,everyone's like,"Well,what'd you see? 当然，每个人都会说，“你看到了什么？
"Did you see water?Did you see this?" “你看见水了吗？你看到这个了吗？”
"How much?How much?"Yeah,"How much." “多少？多少？”是的，“多少”
Indeed,yes,we found water, 的确，是的，我们找到了水，
and we didn't find just a little bit, 我们不是找到一点，
we found a significant amount. 我们发现了很多
In the 20 to 30 meter 在20到30米宽的
crater outcross maybe we found maybe about a dozen of these 陨石坑我们发现了能装满一打
two gallon buckets worth of water. 两加仑桶的水
Finding so much water 找到这么多水
in such a relatively small area changes everything; 在这样一个相对较小的区域里，一切都变了；
and heralds new excitement for lunar exploration. 预示着探月的新的发力点
The LCROSS is the most direct evidence that we have LCROSS是我们掌握的最直接的证据
that there's water at the poles of the moon. 月球两极有水
Recent estimates on the quantity of water at the lunar poles 月球两极水量的最新估计
are on the order of one billion metric tons per pole. 每极约十亿吨
That's an enormous quantity of water. 那是大量的水
The discovery of water on the moon is pretty much 在月球上发现水几乎是
the most significant 最重要的
discovery that we could have 我们可以发现的目标
for the future of space exploration. 为了未来的太空探索
It isn't only a moon base and orbiting colonies 不仅是月球基地和轨道空间站
that would benefit from a lunar supply of water. 将得益于月球的水供应
Lunar water could actually open up the entire solar system 月球水实际上可以引领对整个太阳系
to human exploration-- 人类开展的探索--
and that's because of its unique chemistry. 这是因为它独特的化学性质
Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen combined, 水是由氢和氧结合而成的，
in that famous formula H2O,and what that means 在著名的水分子式H2O中，这意味着
is that we can split it 我们可以把它分开
to release the hydrogen and the oxygen. 释放氢气和氧气
Let me show you what I mean. 让我演示出我所讲的
What I've got here is a beaker and you can see that it's got 我这里有一个烧杯，你可以看到它有
two beautiful carbon electrodes sitting in it. 两个漂亮的碳电极放在里面
Plus we've got two test tubes which are going to allow us 另外我们还有两个试管
to collect things. 用来收集
And what we're going to do is we're going to do electrolysis. 我们要做的是电解
As they say in all good monster movies, 正如他们在所有怪物电影中所说的，
"Turn up the power,Igor." “打开电源，伊戈尔。”
As the electricity starts to flow through the circuit, 当电流开始流过电路时，
the positively charged hydrogen 带正电的氢
is attracted to the negative terminal, 被吸引到负极，
and the negatively charged oxygen to the positive terminal. 带负电的氧气到达正极
And so what we can see 所以我们能看到
is myriad bubbles coming up, 大量泡泡冒出来，
of course,twice as much on this side as on the other. 当然，这边是那边的两倍
We're splitting H2O into hydrogen and oxygen. 我们把水分解成氢和氧
Two hydrogens.One wxygen. 两个氢，一个氧
The beauty of hydrogen is the fact that you can burn it 氢的美在于你可以点燃它
with oxygen and what you get 用氧气，得到的
is an incredibly hot flame. 是一团炽热的火焰
In other words,you're going to produce huge amounts 换句话说，你将产生大量
of really hot gas that can push your rocket. 能推动火箭的高温气体
But if we want to get an idea 但如果我们想认识
of what's actually in that test tube, 试管里的东西，
then what I think we should do is to actually set fire to it. 那么我认为我们应该做的是真正地点燃它
I'll get some safety glasses on. 我要戴上安全眼镜
And what I'm going to do 我要做的就是
is I'm going to take that tube out of the water. 把管子从水里拿出来
And now what I need to do is to light it. 现在我要做的就是点燃它
And you get that beautiful squeaky pop 你会听到那美妙的尖哨声
that's characteristic of hydrogen. 这就是氢的特性
This is good stuff. 这真是好东西
Two,one,zero,and lift off! 二，一，零，起飞！
It's such good stuff 真是极好的
because as the hydrogen reacts with the oxygen, 因为当氢和氧反应时，
almost all of it is converted to water, 几乎全部都转化成了水，
releasing huge amounts of energy. 释放很多的能量
Hydrogen and oxygen,together 氢和氧一起
they're the most efficient chemical propellants known. 它们是已知最有效的化学推进剂
The Space Shuttle main engines 航天飞机的主发动机
burned hydrogen and oxygen;many rockets today, 燃烧氢气和氧气；今天有许多火箭，
the Delta IV rocket uses hydrogen and oxygen. 德尔塔四号火箭使用氢和氧
It's kind of the fuel of choice for high-energy rocket stages. 它是高性能火箭的首选燃料
So mining lunar ice 所以开采月球冰层
could provide water to drink,air to breathe, 可以提供饮水，空气供呼吸，
and a source of propellant for spaceships 以及宇宙飞船的推进剂来源
to fuel up and head out. 加油然后出发
A source of propellant 推进剂的供给
outside of Earth's gravity well is incredibly important 在地球的重力井之外是非常重要的
because it then lowers the cost of everything else 因为这样可以降低一切任务的成本
that we want to do. 我们想做的任务
Being able to refuel in space is incredibly useful, 能够在太空加油是非常有用的，
it's a game changer. 它改变了游戏规则
It would lower the cost of a Mars mission 它将降低火星任务的成本
by factors of two or more. 从两个或更多方面
And my message to senior officials at NASA 我给美国宇航局高级官员的建议
is that that ought to be the first thing we do 那应该是我们安排的第一件事
in our ruturn to the moon plan. 在我们的登月计划中
It's one thing for governments 对政府来说是一回事
to subsidize the search for water ice on the moon, 资助在月球上寻找水冰，
but quite another to bankroll the construction 也就相当于资助建设
of a rocket fuel factory in space. 太空中的火箭燃料工厂
To accomplish that would likely take 要做到这一点可能需要
more than just a promise of profits in the distant future. 不仅仅是在遥远的未来盈利的承诺
That space economy 太空经济
time and time again has proven not to be 一次又一次证明没有
a compelling enought economic draw 显著的充分的经济利益
to motivate governments to spend the kind of money 激励政府花钱
that's required to make it happen. 来实现计划
That's why,to me,the key to going back to the moon 这就是为什么，对我来说，回到月球的关键
is making access to space 就是让进入太空
more affordable,more routine, 更实惠，更平常，
for us to become a truly space-faring species. 使我们成为真正的太空生命
Fifty years after the first moon landings, 第一次登月50年后，
NASA has its sights set 美国宇航局已定下目标
on getting back to the lunar surface more affordably, 以可承受的成本回到月球表面，
by sharing the cost with commercial partners. 与商业伙伴分担费用
...ignition and lift off of the Falcon 9 …猎鹰9号的点火和升空
to the Space Station. 去空间站
Now NASA can say, 现在美国宇航局可以说，
"Well,we saved money by hiring private companies “好吧，我们通过雇佣私人公司来节省开支
"to go to the space station, “去空间站，
can we do the same thing on the moon?" 我们能在月球做同样的事吗？
In 2018,NASA announced a new commercial program 2018年，美国宇航局宣布了一项新的商业计划
where the agency would buy flights to the moon's surface 该机构将购买前往月球表面的航班
from private companies. 来自私人公司
Nine U.S. businesses are now competing 9家美国企业目前正在竞争
to return America to the moon, 让美国重返月球，
funding most of the effort themselves. 为大部分尝试自筹资金
One of them is Pittsburgh based Astrobotic. 其中之一是匹兹堡的Astrobotic
Some of the biggest challenges when we first started 我们刚开始时遇到的一些最大的挑战
was to figure out 是要整明白
how do we fund this thing. 我们如何为这件事提供资金
Flying to space is expensive, 飞上太空很昂贵，
buying a launch to space is expensive. 买一艘发射升空的飞船很贵
How do we generate the dollars 我们如何筹到美元
to go and make this thing happen? 去做这件事？
Finding potential customers 寻找潜在客户
to build a sustainable lunar landing business 打造可持续的登月事业
means Astrobotic needs to create a market for its services. 意味着Astrobotic需要为其服务创造市场
When we first started 当我们刚开始
there was no market for payload delivery 根本没有什么市场，把东西送上
to go up to the surface. 月球的表面
We had to show people, 我们得给人们看，
"Here's how it works, “这就是怎么运作的，
here's what you can do on the surface of the moon." 这是你在月球表面能做的事情。”
Everything from rovers 月球车上的载荷
that can drop and drive off into the distance, 可以释放并驶向远处，
to science experiments, 进行科学实验，
to magnetometers and radiation detectors, 安装磁强计和辐射探测器，
and even infrastructure-- 甚至是基础设施--
all of the parts and pieces of the future lunar economy. 未来月球经济的所有组成部分
With no business demand on the moon yet, 目前月球上还没有商业需求，
Astrobotic's services Astrobotic的服务
have mostly attracted customers 主要是吸引了一些顾客
who simply want to deliver personal items to the moon. 他们只是想把个人物品送到月球上
But one national space agency has also signed up-- 但一个国家航天局也签署了合同
Mexico's A.E.M.,which plans to use Astrobotic 墨西哥的A.E.M.计划使用Astrobotic
to land a package of scientific instruments. 发射一套科学仪器
Space agencies are interested because they can land 航天机构之所以感兴趣，是因为它们能着陆
on the surface of the moon with us 月球表面通过我们的任务
and actually have a lunar program 实现月球计划
for a fraction of what it costs 只花一小部分钱，相对于
the superpowers 50 years ago. 50年前的超级大国而言
Once we land on the surface of the moon, 一旦我们降落在月球表面，
we become the local utility, 我们成为当地的公用事业公司，
we provide power and communications 我们提供电力和通讯
for the payloads that come with us. 和我们一起而来的有效载荷
Whether such a business model can sustain 这样的商业模式能否持续下去
Astrobotic's lunar ambitions remains to be seen. Astrobotic的登月野心还有待观察
They haven't even reached space yet, 他们还没到太空，
let alone landed on the moon. 更不用说登上月球了
It's not easy doing this on a budget. 靠低预算来实现这件事不容易
SpaceIL,another small company, SpaceIL，另一家小公司，
crashed their $100 million moon lander 他们的1亿美元月球着陆器坠毁了
during an attempt to land in April 2019. 在2019年4月试图登陆期间
Landing on the moon is still hard. 登月仍然很困难
Until recently,only Russia and the U.S. had accomplished it. 直到最近，只有俄罗斯和美国能做到
But in 2013,China joined this exclusive club 但在2013年，中国也加入了这个独家俱乐部
when it's Chang'e 3 lander touched down; 嫦娥三号登陆了月球
followed by Chang'e 4 in January 2019, 之后是2019年1月的嫦娥四号，
which made the first landing in history on the moon's far side. 这是历史上第一次在月球的背面着陆
In the coming years, 在接下来的几年里，
robotic landers from India,Japan,and Europe 来自印度、日本和欧洲的机器人着陆器
are also scheduled to attempt to reach the lunar surface. 他们也计划登陆月球表面
First you will find countries that want to access it 首先，你会看到想要实现它的国家
driven by being the first ones to be there. 被首先到那里的愿望所驱使
That's going to be a period of excitement 那会是一段激动人心的时期
that we now are back on the moon, 我们现在又关注到了月球，
that we are now landing there. 我们现在要降落在那里
But eventually, 但最终，
you're gonna have to find a reason 你得找个理由
why you want to stay there, 你为什么要呆在那里，
and this is where resources of the moon come in, 这就是月球资源的意义所在，
because now you have a justification of, 因为现在你有理由，
"Now we can use these resources that will sustain an outpost." “现在我们可以利用这些资源来维持一个前哨站。”
Current lunar exploration is still funded 目前月球探测仍有资金支持
primarily by governments, 主要是由政府提供，
but if the cost of getting there drops, 但是如果去月球的费用降低，
then the promise of so many resources to exploit 那么这么多资源的开发前景
could trigger a new space race-- 可能引发新的太空竞赛--
one not driven by politics but by profits. 不是政治驱动而是利益驱动
And that raises important new questions 这就提出了重要的新问题
like who owns the moon? 比如谁拥有月球？
The ethical question is: 道德角度的问题是：
who would have access to these resources? 谁有权使用这些资源？
It is only those countries that can launch rockets 只有那些能发射火箭的国家
and extract them? 能把它们提炼出来？
And how are those other countries 其他国家怎么办
that do not have this capability, 没有这种能力，
how are they going to benefit from that? 他们将如何从中受益？
The U.S. position has clearly been that 美国的立场显然是这样
The U.S. will recognize resources that are developed 美国将承认私人开发的资源
by its nationals. 其国民和企业
They will recognize that as the property of those nationals. 他们将承认这些国民的财产
But there are others saying, 但也有人说，
"You can't commercialize,you can't exploit, “你不能商业化，你不能利用，
because you have no ownership rights." 因为你没有所有权。”
So,half of the world will take a hands-off approach and say, 因此，世界上一半的国家将采取一种放手的态度，并说，
"Let's see where it goes," “让我们看看它的发展动向，
and then start to regulate. 然后再开始监管
Today it's the United Nation's Outer Space Treaty 现在联合国的外层空间条约
that sets our legal framework for working beyond Earth. 为我们在地球之外的工作建立了法律框架
But it's never been tested to address the idea 但它从未被使用过
of space resources. 关于太空资源
While the legality of mining the moon remains open for debate, 尽管开采月球的合法性仍有待商榷，
NASA continues its efforts to make exploring the moon 美国宇航局继续努力探索月球
technically feasible, 技术上的可行性，
and the agency hopes others will join them. 该机构希望其他人也加入进来
Now has come the time for us 现在轮到我们了
to return American astronauts to the moon. 把美国宇航员再次送上月球
In March 2019,Vice President Mike Pence 2019年3月，副总统彭斯
committed America to reaching the moon once again. 承诺美国会再次登上月球
Last year,NASA and American innovators 去年，美国宇航局和美国的创新者
began designing the Lunar Gateway. 开始设计“月球门户”空间站
And we are rallying the world to join us in this vital work. 我们正在召集全世界加入我们的这项重要工作
The Lunar Gateway,will orbit the moon as a spacecraft 月球门户，将作为太空船环绕月球运行
and allow astronauts to shuttle back up and down 让宇航员来回穿梭
from the surface,performing research. 往返月球表面，进行研究
That is going to have 那将会有
a component that's a public-private partnership; 公私合作的组成部分；
sharing the costs and the benefits of its work, 分担工作的成本和收益，
not just with commercial partners, 不仅仅和商业伙伴，
but also with other countries along the lines 但也与其他国家合作
of the International Space Station. 国际空间站的那些搭档
By pioneering a human return to the moon in this way, 以这种方式开创人类重返月球的先河，
NASA hopes to create a market for businesses 美国航天局希望为企业创造市场
that seek to provide lunar services. 寻求提供月球服务
But will it work? 但它能起作用吗？
Can NASA's next step 美国宇航局的行动
back to the moon become a giant leap, 回到月球能成为一个巨大的飞跃，
literally,for all humankind? 真正为了全人类？
If this is just the same partners 如果这还是同样的伙伴
as the International Space Station, 曾经的国际空间站合作关系，
then we haven't really progressed far. 那我们就没什么进展了
What has to be recognized right now 现在必须承认的是
is that there are over 65 countries who are investing 有超过65个国家在太空投资
over $10 million in space, 超过1000万美元，
and most of them are developing in emerging countries. 其中大多数是新兴国家
So who's going to be invited to the table? 那么谁会被邀请合作呢？
What does that mean 那有什么意义
for participation in something like the Lunar Gateway mission? 去参加月球门户的任务？
The Lunar Gateway mission is not the only program 月球门户任务不是唯一的计划
under development for getting humans back to the moon. 正在为人类重返月球而尝试
Some visionary U.S. companies 一些有远见的美国公司
are also pursuing their own avenues... 也在致力于自己的道路…
although it's not always clear 虽然并不总是很清晰
where hype ends and reality begins. 分清炒作和现实
In 2018, 2018年，
Elon Musk's rocket company SpaceX 埃隆·马斯克的火箭公司Spacex
introduced its first fare-paying lunar passenger-- 推出首个月球乘客--
Japanese entrepreneur Yusaku Maezawa. 日本企业家Yusaku Maezawa
Thank you,Elon. 谢谢你，埃隆
Thank you,everyone. 谢谢大家
I choose to go to the moon! 我选择去月球！
Elon Musk has sold a ride on his next rocket, 埃隆·马斯克卖掉了他的火箭船票，
to a Japanese billionaire 卖给一个日本亿万富翁
who wants to take a dozen artists 想带十几个艺术家
on a cruise past the moon. 环绕月球的旅行
It sounds ludicrous,but then 听起来荒唐，但是
let's say that private companies say, 比如说私人公司说，
"We have learned how to go to the moon and bring tourists." “我们已经掌握了去月球和搭载游客的办法。”
Then you might have habitats being built 那么很可能已经有了栖息地
and permanent life on the moon. 实现了月球上的持续生存
Inspired by a time when humans last lived on the moon 受到人类曾经登陆月球的激励
and we dreamed of moving humanity into space, 我们梦想着把人类送入深空，
Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, 亚马逊创始人杰夫·贝佐斯，
is also building his own road to the moon 也在打造自己的登月之路
through a company he founded called Blue Origin. 他创立了一家名为Blue Origin的公司
Let me show you something. 让我给你看点东西
And they already have a plan 他们已经有计划了
to put a large lander down on the lunar surface. 把一个着陆器放在月球表面
This is Blue Moon. 这是蓝月亮
We've been working on this lander for three years. 我们已经对这个着陆器进行了三年的开发
It's time to go back to the moon,this time to stay. 是时候回月球了，这次留下来
I feel that there's enough energy, 我觉得有足够的动力，
and more importantly money,going towards this 更重要的是钱，朝着这个方向走
that we will see real exploration in the years ahead. 我们将在未来几年看到真正的探索
The vision of all these plans is ultimately to set up 所有这些计划的最终目标是
lunar bases,where explorers,including the first women 月球基地，探险家，包括第一批女性
to reach the moon,can live and work for extended periods. 到达月球，可以长期生活和工作
There will,of course,be many challenges, 当然，会有很多挑战，
as one man who's already lived there can tell you. 就像一个曾经去过那里的人可以告诉你的那样
The living conditions on the moon will be very similar 月球上的生活条件将非常类似于
to living conditions that I experienced. 我所经历的生活条件
They're going to need the consumables 他们需要消耗品
that are necessary to survive--oxygen,water-- 生存所必需的——氧气、水--
all of which can be supplied by the moon. 所有这些都可以由月球提供
So I think the resource issue is not a major one. 所以我认为资源问题不是主要问题
They're going to need an aggregate of individual habitats 他们需要一个独立栖息地的集合
from various launches here from Earth initially. 最初是从地球上发射
Before very long, 不久之后，
I think we'll be manufacturing habitats on the moon; 我想我们会在月球上制造栖息地；
cnverting lunar dust to actual materials and components. 将月球尘埃转化为实际的材料和部件
In anticipation, 在期待之中，
a team of engineers at NASA's Kennedy Space Center 美国宇航局肯尼迪航天中心的一队工程师
is already building experimental robots for such assignments. 已经在为这样的任务制造实验机器人
The group is known as Swamp Works. 这个团队被称为Swamp Works
Rob Mueller is NASA's senior technologist there. 罗伯·穆勒是美国宇航局的高级技术人员
NASA's Swamp Works is an innovation environment. NASA的Swamp Works是一个创新环境
It's a collection of labs where we develop new technologies 这是我们开发新技术的实验室的集合
in order to have revolutionary advances in space. 为了在太空中有革命性的进展
Construction on the moon requires 满足月球上的建筑需要
a radically different approach from doing it on Earth. 与在地球上完全不同的方法
On Earth,when you want to dig,you get a big,yellow machine 在地球上，当你想挖的时候，你使用一台黄色的大机器
that weight a lot and you push 很重的机器，你推出去
and you have enough reaction force to dig 你有足够的反作用力
because of the gravity on Earth. 因为地球上的重力
The problem is,when it arrives on the moon, 问题是，当它到达月球时，
its actual weight is one-sixth of that. 它的实际重量是它的六分之一
The gravity on the moon is one-sixth of the gravity on Earth. 月球上的引力是地球引力的六分之一
So,because it doesn't weigh very much, 所以，因为它不够重，
there's no reaction force, 没有反作用力，
it can't penetrate the soil,it can't pick it up. 它不能进入土壤，也不能把它挖起来
Unfortunately,we cannot launch a giant bulldozer into space 不幸的是，我们不能把一个巨大的推土机送入太空
on a rocket,it's too expensive. 用火箭发射，太贵了
So,we had to reinvent excavation,reinvent digging. 所以，我们必须改造挖掘，重造挖掘
We scratched our heads and-and thought about it, 我们挠头想了想，
and we came up with a new design, 我们想出了一个新的设计，
which has counter rotating bucket drums. 有反向旋转的桶鼓
The forces cancel each other out 力量互相抵消
and now you can dig with a very small robot. 现在你可以用一个很小的机器人挖掘
Their new moon rock digger-- 他们的新挖掘机--
called RASSOR--is put through its paces 被称为RASSOR——付诸实践
in Swamp Works' lunar surface simulator. 在Swamp Works的月球表面模拟器
It turns out that the lower gravity on the moon 月球上较低的重力
is not the only challenge. 并不是唯一的挑战
As the apollo astronauts discovered, 阿波罗号宇航员发现，
moon dust itself poses a serious problem. 月尘本身就构成了一个严重的问题
The particles are jagged. 粒子是参差而尖利的
In fact,in the Apollo missions, 事实上，在阿波罗任务中，
when they put the gloves on the suit,there was a joint, 当他们把手套装在衣服上的时候，有一个接头，
and that glove lasted three days. 手套只坚持了三天
So,we have to find ways to cope with this 所以，我们得想办法解决这个问题
sharp,jagged dust that sticks to everything. 尖锐的，锯齿状的灰尘粘在任何东西上
To keep machines functioning in this harsh environment, 为了让机器在这种恶劣的环境下工作，
Rob and his team are developing a novel way 罗伯和他的团队正在开发一种新的方法
to fix broken equipment. 修理损坏的设备
If RASSOR is operating and it breaks a wheel,what do you do? 如果RASSOR在操作中，它的轮子坏了，你怎么办？
Our answer to the logistics problem is don't bring it, 我们对后勤难题的答案是不要带上它，
make it there. 在月球制造
What we've done is we've taken the local crushed rock, 我们所做的就是把当地的碎石，
and that gives you a way of 3D printing a structure. 使用一种3D打印结构的方法
3D printing a spare wheel on the moon. 3D打印月球上的备胎
It's a very crude wheel,but it's a start. 这是一个非常粗糙的轮子，但它是一个开始
Constructing replacement equipment with local resources 利用当地资源建造替代设备
may prove essential 可以证明是必要的
if a moon settlement is to be self-sufficient. 如果月球定居点想做到自给自足
And while Swamp Works' digger still needs to prove itself 虽然Swamp Works的挖掘机还需要证明自己
on the moon,one day machines like it 在月球上，有一天这样的机器
could be working alongside humans to construct a lunar base. 可能会与人类一起建造月球基地
But there may be a simpler way to live on the moon-- 但是在月球上生活可能有更简单的方法--
that is,if we're willing to live in the moon. 也就是说，如果我们愿意住在月球里
One of the most fascinating discoveries in recent years 近年来最迷人的发现之一
are these sinkholes, 这些是天坑，
giving us a view down into a lava tube. 给我们一个进入熔岩管的视野
Lava tubes form when volcanic eruptions 火山爆发时会形成熔岩管
continue for long enough that the top layer of lava 熔岩持续足够长的时间，顶部
cools and solidifies--allowing more molten lava 冷却并凝固——允许更多熔岩
to continue flowing beneath it. 在它下面继续流动
Much of the moon's surface 月球的大部分表面
is covered by lava flows,and in some cases 被熔岩流覆盖，在某些情况下
you can actually see evidence of where they may have flowed 你可以看到他们可能流过的证据
inside lava tubes. 经过熔岩管
People are really interested in these 人们对这些很感兴趣
because future human explorers 因为未来的人类探险家
could have that be a location for future human habitation 可能把这作为人类居住的地方
on the moon. 在月球上
Could these natural cave systems in the moon really offer shelter 月球上的这些天然洞穴系统真的能提供庇护所吗？
to future astronaut explorers? 给未来的宇航员探险家？
We're yet to discover what's inside them, 我们还不知道里面有什么，
but exploring similar tubes here on Earth might offer clues. 但在地球上探索类似的洞穴可能会提供线索
Tommaso Santagata is mapping lava tubes on Mt. Etna, Tommaso Santagata正在绘制埃特纳火山熔岩管的地图，
one of the most active volcanoes on Earth. 地球上最活跃的火山之一
我使用3D测绘仪器
为了分析这些洞穴的形状，
为了将这些数据与月球上的洞穴进行比较
激光雷达使用激光
大约测量三百万个点
这激光在360度内旋转
它可以创建任何环境的3D地图
By correlating sink hole geometry 通过相关洞穴的几何结构
to the size and shape of the caves 洞穴的大小和形状
they open into here on Earth, 在地球上的这些洞，
scientists hope to be able to determine 科学家希望能够确定
which sink holes on the moon could be the best candidates 在月球上哪个天坑可能是最好的选择
for future lunar exploration. 将来进行月球探测
通过研究这个洞穴，我们可以估计出
下面的熔岩管情况
我们可以逐点绘制熔岩管的地图
我们知道在月球上
可能有超过100米长的洞穴
With the potential for hundreds of miles of tunnels 有可能存在数百英里的隧道
just below the moon's surface offering natural protection 就在月表下面来提供天然的保护
from the harsh lunar environment, 在恶劣的月球环境下，
subterranean shelters might one day 地下栖息地也许有一天
become our first homes on another world. 成为我们在另一个世界的第一个家
这里的阴影非常黑暗
我很难看清我站立的地方
Fifty years ago,Neil Armstrong's first step 50年前，尼尔·阿姆斯特朗的第一步
onto the moon's surface taught us that anything is possible. 登上月球表面告诉我们一切皆有可能
Well,Neil Armstrong, 嗯，尼尔·阿姆斯特朗，
when he was first on the moon,said it has a stark beauty 当他第一次登上月球时，他说它有一种荒凉的美
all its own. 很独特的
And so,yes,in one sense you can think of it 所以，是的，在某种意义上你可以想到
as just a barren rock, 这是一块贫瘠的大石头，
but I also just love the beauty and excitement 但我也喜欢壮志和雄心
of future human exploration on the surface of the moon. 未来人类在月球表面进行的探索
Being outside the spacecraft for the first time 第一次站在太空船外面
looking around this magnificent valley we were in, 环顾我们所处的山谷，
deeper than the Grand Canyon, 比亚利桑那大峡谷还要深，
with brilliantly illuminated slopes 有明亮的斜坡
and a blacker than black sky, 漆黑的黑夜，
and the fact that you're there seeing it 你在那里所亲历的一切
and that human beings have put you there, 以及人类把你放在那个位置，
really,it gives you a lot of confidence 真的，这给了你很大的信心
of what we may be able to do with our civilization 我们的文明可以做些什么
in the future. 未来
In the years after we left the lunar surface, 在我们离开月球表面后，
most of us forgot about exploring the moon. 我们大多数人都忘了探索月球这回事
But in the last decade,since LRO reached lunar orbit, 但在过去的十年里，自从LRO进入月球轨道，
NASA has shown us a new view of the moon, 美国航天局给我们展示了月球的新景象，
which has made us look at it again with new eyes. 这让我们重新审视它
It has a stark beauty all its own. 它有一种独特的荒凉的美
It's different--but it's very pretty out here. 它是完全不同的——但这里非常漂亮
I really believe that the focus 我真的相信最该关注
should be on creating an equitable environment 应该创造一个公平的环境
here on Earth 在地球上
where everybody has opportunities 每个人都有机会
to imagine themself one day doing high-tech science 想象自己有一天能亲身体验到高科技
that can take them to the moon. 可以带他们去月球
Wow! 哇哦！
Beautiful view. 美丽的景色
Ain't that something? 很难得一见吧？
Magnificent sight out here. 这里景色壮丽
Magnificent desolation. 壮丽的荒凉
I think it's important to work on space exploration 我认为从事太空探索工作很重要
because it has implications for civilization. 因为它对文明的影响
It's very rare that you can work on something 很珍贵的机会，你能做点什么
that will affect everybody on Earth. 将影响到地球上的每一个人
It's a grand challenge. 这是一个巨大的挑战
I would love to see the day 我很想看到这一天
when people can go outside and look up at night 晚上人们可以到外面抬头看
and see the lights of a lunar base. 看见月球基地的灯光
That'll be an incredible moment for the human species 对人类来说那将是一个不可思议的时刻
when we can look up at the moon and know that there 当我们仰望月球知道那里
is a branch of humanity that's there. 有人类的一个分支
字幕组：@火星学会@MarsSociety
In memory of Paul Spudis. 为了纪念保罗·斯普迪斯
BACK TO THE MOON 重返月球
So close,but so mysterious. 如此接近，却如此神秘
Venus--Earth's less fortunate twin... 金星--地球不幸的双胞胎…
And today a scorched hellscape. 是灼热的地狱景观
What went wrong,and are we next? 出了什么事，我们是下一个吗？
The sun dictates our fate. 太阳决定我们的命运
"The Planets:Inner Worlds." “行星：内环世界”
Coming soon on "NOVA." “NOVA”即将上映
Major funding for "NOVA" is provided by the following: “NOVA”的主要资金来源如下：
To order this "NOVA" program on DVD, 购买“NOVA”的节目DVD
visit ShopPBS or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS. 拜访ShopPBS或者拨打1-800-PLAY-PBS
This program is also available on Amazon Prime Video. 在亚马逊Prime视频也可以看到这个节目